{"id":77,"date":"2026-05-20T23:25:02","date_gmt":"2026-05-20T23:25:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/?p=77"},"modified":"2026-05-23T18:40:25","modified_gmt":"2026-05-23T18:40:25","slug":"hadis-sayisidaki-coklugun-nedenleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/?p=77","title":{"rendered":"Hadis say\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00e7oklu\u011fun nedenleri"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Hadis say\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00e7oklu\u011fun nedenleri<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sahabelerin ve haleflerinin tarihini inceledi\u011fimizde, hadislerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Dokuz ana nedeni \u00f6zetleyece\u011fiz.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Birinci sebep: Hadisin kastedilerek rivayet edilmesi, bu da kendi i\u00e7inde insanlar\u0131n iki gruba ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ihtilaf\u0131 temsil ediyordu:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu grup, Peygamberimiz (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam)’in hadislerde s\u00f6yledi\u011fi s\u00f6zleri, hi\u00e7bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik, ekleme veya yokluk yapmadan aynen aktarmaya ve titizlikle dinlemeye \u00f6zen g\u00f6steren bir gruptu. Bunlar aras\u0131nda Muhammed bin Sirin, Al-Qasim bin Muhammed ve Raja bin Haywa vard\u0131. Bunun delili ise Peygamberimiz (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam)’in Veda Hac\u0131nda buyurdu\u011fu \u015fu s\u00f6zd\u00fcr: “S\u00f6zlerimi i\u015fiten, anlayan ve i\u015fitti\u011fi gibi aktaran ki\u015fiye Allah rahmet eylesin; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc belki de i\u015fiten, el\u00e7iden daha bilgilidir.”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka bir grup ise rivayet konusunda daha ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimseyerek hadislerin anlam\u0131yla nakledilmesine izin verdi ve anlam\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece hadisin tam kelimelerinin e\u015f anlaml\u0131lar\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesinde bir sak\u0131nca g\u00f6rmedi. Bunlar aras\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r’a ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra \u015eafi\u00ee, te\u015fvik ve uyar\u0131 \u00fczerine eserlerinde \u0130bn Hanbel, Ebu Hanife el-Nu’man, Sufyan el-Sevri, Emir el-\u015eabi ve di\u011ferleri yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Onlar\u0131n iddias\u0131, el-Taberani’nin el-Mu’cem el-Kebir’de Abdullah ibn S\u00fcleyman el-Leysi’den rivayet etti\u011fi bir hadise dayanmaktad\u0131r: “Dedim ki: ‘Ey\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Allah’\u0131n Resul\u00fc, senden bir \u015fey i\u015fittim ki, kelimesi kelimesine aktaram\u0131yorum, bu y\u00fczden bir harf ekliyor veya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yorum.’ O da \u015f\u00f6yle cevap verdi: ‘E\u011fer\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>haram olan\u0131 helal, helal olan\u0131 haram k\u0131lmazsan ve anlam\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde aktar\u0131rsan, bunda bir sak\u0131nca yoktur.'” Benzer bir \u00f6rnek, hadis ezbercilerinin \u00fcstad\u0131 ve Kufal\u0131 f\u0131k\u0131h\u00e7\u0131 Sufyan el-Sevri’nin (\u00f6. 161 Hicri) “Bize Allah’\u0131n Resul\u00fc’nden (s.a.v.) i\u015fittiklerinizi anlat\u0131n” sorusuna verdi\u011fi cevapt\u0131r. O \u015f\u00f6yle cevap verdi: \u201cAllah\u2019a yemin ederim ki, bunu yapman\u0131n imkan\u0131 yok. Size aynen duydu\u011fum gibi aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6ylesem bile, bana inanmay\u0131n. \u00d6nemli olan anlamd\u0131r. E\u011fer size aynen duydu\u011fumuz gibi aktarmak isteseydik, size tek bir hadis bile rivayet etmezdik.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci sebep:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Birden fazla rivayet var, ancak konu ayn\u0131. Bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fi, namaz k\u0131lan\u0131n son oturu\u015f pozisyonunda okudu\u011fu Te\u015fehh\u00fcd duas\u0131d\u0131r; bu duan\u0131n s\u00f6zleri ve rivayetleri on farkl\u0131 rivayete kadar de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da detayland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131z:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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  1. \u0130bn Mesud’un Te\u015fehh\u00fcd\u00fc: \u0130ki \u015eeyh, Sahihlerinde Abdullah \u0130bn Mesud’dan rivayetle \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015flerdir: “Allah Resul\u00fc (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam), bana\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>te\u015fehh\u00fcd\u00fc ,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>t\u0131pk\u0131 Kur’an’dan bir sureyi \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi gibi\u00a0<\/strong>, elimi tutarak\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\u00f6\u011fretti : ‘B\u00fct\u00fcn selamlar, dualar ve iyilikler Allah i\u00e7indir. Sana selam olsun, ey Peygamber\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>, Allah’\u0131n rahmeti ve bereketi sana olsun. Bize ve Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na selam olsun. \u015eahitlik ederim ki, Allah’tan ba\u015fka ilah yoktur ve \u015fahitlik ederim ki, Muhammed O’nun kulu ve el\u00e7isidir.'”<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
  2. \u0130bn Abbas’\u0131n \u015fahitli\u011fi: M\u00fcslim Sahih’inde, S\u00fcnen ve \u015eafi\u00ee de El-Umm’da Abdullah \u0130bn Abbas’tan rivayetle \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur: “Allah Resul\u00fc (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam), bize Kur’an’dan bir sure \u00f6\u011fretirken, iman \u015fahadetini de \u00f6\u011fretirdi ve \u015f\u00f6yle derdi: ‘De ki: B\u00fct\u00fcn selamlar, salavatlar, dualar ve iyilikler Allah i\u00e7indir. Sana selam olsun, ey Peygamber, Allah’\u0131n rahmeti ve bereketi sana olsun. Bize ve Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na selam olsun. \u015eahitlik ederim ki, Allah’tan ba\u015fka ilah yoktur ve \u015fahitlik ederim ki, Muhammed Allah’\u0131n Resul\u00fcd\u00fcr.'”<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
  3. \u00d6mer ibn el-Hattab \u015fahitlik etti: \u0130mam Malik, El-Muvatta\u2019da \u0130bn \u015eihab el-Zuhri’den, o da Urva ibn el-Zubayr’den, o da Abdurrahman ibn Abdurkari’den rivayet etti\u011fine g\u00f6re, \u00d6mer ibn el-Hattab’\u0131 minberde, Sahabelerin huzurunda i\u015fittim ve Sahabeler bunu oybirli\u011fiyle ink\u00e2r etmediler. \u015e\u00f6yle dedi: \u201cDe ki: Selamlar Allah i\u00e7indir, iyi, geli\u015fen, bereketli olan ve dualar Allah i\u00e7indir. Selam sana olsun, ey Peygamber, Allah’\u0131n rahmeti ve bereketi de sana olsun. Selam bize ve Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na olsun. \u015eahitlik ederim ki, Allah’tan ba\u015fka ilah yoktur ve \u015fahitlik ederim ki, Muhammed Allah’\u0131n el\u00e7isidir.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
  4. Ebu Said Hudri’nin \u015fahitli\u011fi: El-Hatib El-Ba\u011fdadi, Takyid-i \u0130lm adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Ebu Said Hudri’den rivayetle \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur: “Biz\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Kur’an’dan ve \u015fahitlikten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yazmazd\u0131k: Selam, dua, iyi \u015feyler, sana selam olsun ey Peygamber, Allah’\u0131n rahmeti ve bereketi, bize\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>ve\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na selam olsun, Allah’tan ba\u015fka ilah olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve Muhammed’in Allah’\u0131n el\u00e7isi oldu\u011funa \u015fahitlik ederim.”<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
  5. Cabir bin Abdullah’\u0131n \u015fahitli\u011fi: Nesai, \u0130bn M\u00e2ce ve Tirmizi, Cabir bin Abdullah’tan rivayetle \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015flard\u0131r: ”\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Allah’\u0131n Resul\u00fc bize Kur’an’dan bir sure \u00f6\u011fretirken, iman \u015fahadetini de bize \u00f6\u011fretirdi: ‘Allah’\u0131n ad\u0131yla ve Allah’a yemin olsun, sana selam olsun, ey Peygamber! Allah’\u0131n rahmeti ve bereketi \u00fczerimize ve Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na olsun! \u015eahitlik ederim ki, Allah’tan ba\u015fka ilah yoktur ve \u015fahitlik ederim ki, Muhammed\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Allah’\u0131n\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>Resul\u00fcd\u00fcr .'”<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
  6. M\u00fcminlerin Annesi Ay\u015fe’nin \u015fahitli\u011fi: Malik, El-Muvatta’da Ay\u015fe’nin \u015f\u00f6yle dedi\u011fini rivayet etmi\u015ftir: “\u0130man \u015fahadetini okurken: ‘Selam\u00fcn aleyk\u00fcm, bize ve Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na selam olsun. Allah’tan ba\u015fka ilah olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve Muhammed’in Allah’\u0131n el\u00e7isi oldu\u011funa \u015fahitlik ederim.'”<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
  7. Ebu Musa el-E\u015f’ari’nin \u015fahitli\u011fi: M\u00fcslim ve Ebu Davud, Ebu Musa el-E\u015f’ari’nin \u015fahitli\u011finin \u015f\u00f6yle oldu\u011funu rivayet etmi\u015flerdir: “Ey Peygamber, sana salat ve selam olsun, Allah’\u0131n rahmeti ve bereketi de senin \u00fczerine olsun.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Bizlere ve\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na da selam olsun.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u015eahitlik ederim ki, Allah’tan ba\u015fka ilah yoktur ve \u015fahitlik ederim ki, Muhammed Allah’\u0131n el\u00e7isidir.”<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    8. Abdullah bin \u00d6mer’in \u015fahitli\u011fi: Malik, \u0130bn \u00d6mer’den rivayet etti\u011fi \u00fczere, El-Muvatta’da Nafi’den naklederek \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur: Abdullah bin \u00d6mer, \u015fahitli\u011fi okur ve \u015f\u00f6yle derdi: “Allah’\u0131n ad\u0131yla,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>selam Allah’ad\u0131r, dua Allah’ad\u0131r, Peygambere salat ve selam olsun, Allah’\u0131n rahmeti ve bereketi \u00fczerimize olsun, bize ve Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na salat ve selam olsun, Allah’tan ba\u015fka\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>ilah\u00a0<\/strong>olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\u015fahitlik ederim\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>ve Muhammed’in Allah’\u0131n el\u00e7isi oldu\u011funa \u015fahitlik ederim.” Sonra \u015fahitli\u011fini bitirip selam vermek istedi\u011finde \u015f\u00f6yle derdi: “Peygambere salat ve selam olsun, Allah’\u0131n rahmeti\u00a0<\/strong>ve bereketi \u00fczerimize olsun,\u00a0<\/strong>bize ve Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na salat ve selam olsun.” Bu, \u015fahitli\u011fe bir ekleme ve bir tekrard\u0131r.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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    1. Samra bin Cundub’un \u015fahitli\u011fi \u015f\u00f6yleydi: “B\u00fct\u00fcn selamlar, dualar ve egemenlik Allah’a aittir. Ey Peygamber, sana selam olsun, Allah’\u0131n rahmeti ve bereketi de senin \u00fczerine olsun. Bize ve Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na selam olsun. \u015eahitlik ederim ki, Allah’tan ba\u015fka ilah yoktur ve \u015fahitlik ederim ki, Muhammed Allah’\u0131n el\u00e7isidir.”<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
    2. Ehl-i Beyt \u0130mamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015eahitli\u011fi: \u0130mam Sarakhsi, El-Mabsut adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, Peygamberimizden (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) rivayet etti\u011fine g\u00f6re, \u015fahitlik duas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn selamlar, g\u00fczel, temiz, m\u00fcbarek ve hay\u0131rl\u0131 olanlar Allah i\u00e7indir. Sana selam olsun, ey Peygamber, Allah’\u0131n rahmeti ve bereketi sana olsun. Bize ve Allah’\u0131n salih kullar\u0131na selam olsun. \u015eahitlik ederim ki, Allah’tan ba\u015fka ilah yoktur ve \u015fahitlik ederim ki, Muhammed Allah’\u0131n el\u00e7isidir.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Bu on tan\u0131kl\u0131kta ge\u00e7en iki ifade \u00fczerinde uzun uzad\u0131ya duraca\u011f\u0131z.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Birincisi: \u0130bn Abbas ve Cabir \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015flerdir: “Allah’\u0131n Resul\u00fc bize te\u015fehh\u00fcd\u00fc, t\u0131pk\u0131 Kur’an’dan bir sureyi \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi gibi \u00f6\u011fretirdi.”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0130kinci rivayette, Ebu Sa’id el-Hudri’nin aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, “Biz Kur’an ve Te\u015fehh\u00fcd’den ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yazmazd\u0131k” denmektedir. \u015eunu soruyoruz: Namaz\u0131n r\u00fck\u00fcnlerinden olan ve onsuz namaz\u0131n ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir dua i\u00e7in birden fazla rivayet ve farkl\u0131 ifadeler caiz ise, Te\u015fehh\u00fcd’den daha az \u00f6nemli ve anlaml\u0131 olan di\u011fer konular i\u00e7in durum nas\u0131l olur?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sebep:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Hadis k\u00fclliyat\u0131n\u0131n \u015fi\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulunan en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rler, Peygamberimiz (s.a.v.) hakk\u0131nda uydurma, tahrif ve yalan s\u00f6yleme olmu\u015ftur. Uydurma hadis, Peygamberimize (s.a.v.) yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde atfedilen, bir ama\u00e7la uydurulmu\u015f ve tahrif edilmi\u015f herhangi bir uydurma s\u00f6z veya eylemdir. Ve uydurmac\u0131lar ve yalanc\u0131lar \u00e7oktur.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0130bn Hallikan’a g\u00f6re say\u0131lar\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131zd\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fcleri \u015funlard\u0131r: 1- Medine’de \u0130bn Ebi Yahya, 2- Ba\u011fdat’ta El-Vakidi, 3- Horasan’da Mukatil ibn S\u00fcleyman, 4- Suriye’de Muhammed ibn Sa’id, 5- Abd\u00fclkerim ibn Ebu’l-Awja’, 6- Ahmed ibn Abdullah el-Khunbari, 7- Muhammed ibn Ukasha el-Kirmani, 8- Muhammed ibn Temim el-Farabi, 9- Seyf ibn \u00d6mer et-Temimi, 10- Sa’d ibn Tarif, 11- Me’mun ibn Ahmed es-Sulemi ve onlar gibi bir\u00e7ok hadisi yalan ve iftirayla Peygamber Efendimiz (sav), sahabe ve ailesine isnat etmi\u015flerdir. Bu uydurmalar\u0131n sel gibi \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 ve zararlar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu \u0130mam Buhari’nin \u015f\u00f6yle dedi\u011fi rivayet edilmi\u015ftir: “Y\u00fcz bin sahih hadis ve iki y\u00fcz bin sahih olmayan hadis ezberledim.” \u015eunu belirtmekte fayda var ki, t\u00fcm bu insanlar en hay\u0131rl\u0131 nesiller d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r! Hadislerin bu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda uyduruldu\u011fu ve Peygamberimize (s.a.v.) isnat edildi\u011fi bir neslin en hay\u0131rl\u0131 nesil olmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir mi?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Bir hadis, metni, rivayet zinciri veya her ikisi de tamamen uydurma olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u0130mam Nevevi’nin Sahih M\u00fcslim tefsirinde de zikredilen, Ebu Hurayra’dan rivayet edilen ve Peygamberimize (s.a.v.) atfedilen bir hadis vard\u0131r. Hadiste Peygamberimiz (s.a.v.) \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur: “\u00dcmmetimde Muhammed ibn \u0130dris ad\u0131nda bir adam olacak ki, o \u00fcmmetime \u0130blis’ten daha \u00e7ok zarar verecektir; \u00fcmmetimde Ebu Hanife ad\u0131nda bir adam olacak ki, o \u00fcmmetimin nuru olacakt\u0131r.” Ancak, hadisin rivayet zincirinde iki uydurmac\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r: Ma’mun ibn Ahmed el-Sulami ve Ahmed ibn Abdullah el-Hunberi. Bir hadis k\u0131smen de uydurulabilir; bu uygulama hadis \u00e2limleri aras\u0131nda “idraj” (ekleme) olarak bilinir. Bu hem g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 hem de tehlikelidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sorumlu ki\u015fiyi yalanc\u0131 olarak etiketlemekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya yarar. Makul d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde, Peygamberimize (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) atfedilen s\u00f6zlerde kullan\u0131lan uydurma kelimelerin say\u0131s\u0131, onun hakk\u0131nda yalan s\u00f6yleme eylemiyle ilgisizdir.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc sebep:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      El-Abhari’nin Malik’in Muwatta’s\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Sahabelerden, onlar\u0131n takip\u00e7ilerinden, mezheplerin imamlar\u0131ndan ve \u00f6\u011frencilerinden gelen hadislerin Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) s\u00f6zlerine eklendi\u011finden bahsedilir. S\u00fcnnilerin kitaplar\u0131nda, “Sahabenin s\u00f6z\u00fc yetkilidir” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ve \u015eiilerin kitaplar\u0131nda, Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) s\u00f6zlerine, Peygamber’in ailesinden, onlar\u0131n takip\u00e7ilerinden, mezheplerin imamlar\u0131ndan ve \u00f6\u011frencilerinden gelen hadisler eklenir; bunun gerek\u00e7esi ise bunlar\u0131n hepsinin, atalar\u0131 Muhammed’den (s.a.v.) miras ald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7sel bir masumiyet nedeniyle masum olduklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Sahabelerin s\u00f6zlerinin Peygamberimizin s\u00f6zlerine eklenmesi ve Sahabelerin s\u00f6zlerinin otorite kazanmas\u0131yla, Sahabelerin ve Peygamberimizin ailesinin s\u00f6zleri, Peygamberimizin s\u00f6zlerine hadis olarak eklendi. Sahabelerin s\u00f6zleri, Peygamberimizin s\u00f6zleriyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti ve say\u0131s\u0131z rivayet ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Be\u015finci sebep:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Kitap Ehli’ni Taklit Etmek.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Kitap Ehli’ni taklit etmek, Peygamberimiz (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam) zaman\u0131nda da vard\u0131. Bu, Peygamberimizin (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam) \u015fu s\u00f6z\u00fcne dayanmaktad\u0131r: (Ebu Said’den (Allah ondan raz\u0131 olsun) rivayet edildi\u011fine g\u00f6re, Peygamberimiz (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam) \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur: “Sizden \u00f6nce gelenlerin yollar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f kar\u0131\u015f, ar\u015f\u0131n ar\u015f\u0131n izleyeceksiniz; ta ki onlar bir kertenkele deli\u011fine girselerdi, siz de girerdiniz.” Biz dedik ki: “Ey Allah’\u0131n Resul\u00fc, Yahudiler ve Hristiyanlar m\u0131?” Peygamberimiz (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam) \u015f\u00f6yle buyurdu: “Ba\u015fka kim olabilir ki?!” Buhari ve M\u00fcslim rivayet etmi\u015ftir.)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ve Y\u00fcce Allah \u015f\u00f6yle buyuruyor:<\/span><\/strong>
      {Senden \u00f6ncekiler gibi, onlar da senden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, daha zengin ve daha \u00e7ok \u00e7ocuk sahibiydiler. Onlar kendi paylar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131lar, sen de kendi pay\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131n, t\u0131pk\u0131 senden \u00f6ncekilerin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi. Ve sen de onlar gibi g\u00fcnah i\u015fledin. \u0130\u015fte onlar\u0131n amelleri bu d\u00fcnyada ve ahirette bo\u015fa gitti, i\u015fte onlar kaybedenlerdir.} (69) Tevbe.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Hristiyanlar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara \u0130sa’n\u0131n s\u00f6zleriyle \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcrlerdi. \u0130ncil’in \u00f6z\u00fcnde \u0130sa’n\u0131n biyografisi oldu\u011funu, \u0130ncil’in \u0130sa’n\u0131n ve Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00f6zlerini i\u00e7erdi\u011fini ve onlara g\u00f6re \u0130sa’n\u0131n s\u00f6zlerinin Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00f6zleri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek \u0130sa’n\u0131n \u015fu ve bu s\u00f6zlerini aktar\u0131rlard\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar da Kitap Ehli’ni taklit etmeye, Peygamber’in s\u00f6zlerini (Hadis) kutsal metinlere eklemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Hatta Peygamber’e s\u00f6zler atfetmeye bile ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bunun nedeni, birinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131ndaki bilgi, yaz\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr seviyesinin Kitap Ehli’ninkinden \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu nedenle, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar anlamad\u0131klar\u0131 konularda Kitap Ehli’ne dan\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. O zamanlar Araplar, Romal\u0131lar ve Persler aras\u0131nda var olan y\u00f6netim, idare ve yaz\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne sahip de\u011fillerdi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, \u00f6zellikle \u0130sa ve Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00f6zleriyle dolu Hristiyanl\u0131k olmak \u00fczere, Kitap Ehli’nin k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilendiler. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, “Allah dedi ki” ve “Allah’\u0131n Resul\u00fc dedi ki” demeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Hadisler, Peygamberimizin (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) biyografisi haline geldi; \u00f6yle ki, Peygamberimizin s\u00f6zlerini Kur’an’\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne koydular ve hadislerle ayetleri y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131rd\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece hadisler \u0130slam’\u0131n merkezi haline geldi ve Kur’an ikinci plana d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00d6mer’in (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) vefat\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak Emevi ve Abbasi d\u00f6nemlerine kadar Peygamberimiz ad\u0131na hadis uydurmaya ve rivayetler tahrif etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ebu Hurayra \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: “\u00d6mer vefat edene kadar ‘Allah’\u0131n Resul\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle buyurdu’ diyemezdik.” Sahabeler, Allah’\u0131n Resul\u00fc’n\u00fcn (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) \u015f\u00f6yle buyurdu\u011funu i\u015fittiler: “Kur’an’dan ba\u015fka benden bir \u015fey yazmay\u0131n. Kur’an’dan ba\u015fka benden bir \u015fey yazan onu silmelidir. Benden teredd\u00fct etmeden rivayet edin. Benim hakk\u0131mda kasten yalan s\u00f6yleyen cehennemde yerini haz\u0131rlas\u0131n.” (M\u00fcslim, cilt 18, s. 229). Allah Resul\u00fc (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam), baz\u0131 ki\u015filerin kendisine isnat edilen hadisleri yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi. Minbere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: “\u0130\u015fitti\u011fim kadar\u0131yla sizin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z bu kitaplar nedir? Ben sadece bir insan\u0131m. Kimde bir \u015fey varsa getirsin.” Ebu Hurayra dedi ki: “Biz de yazd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 toplad\u0131k ve imha ettik.” veya \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: “Yakt\u0131k.” (Bilgiyi K\u0131s\u0131tlamak – El-Hatib El-Ba\u011fdadi, s. 34)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan taklit\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 da vard\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri ve tarih boyunca var olmu\u015flard\u0131r, ancak \u0130slam’\u0131n geli\u015fiyle birlikte insanlara hikayeler anlatmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar ve bilgileri, \u00f6\u011fretim ve nasihat amac\u0131yla ge\u00e7mi\u015f milletlerin ve di\u011ferlerinin yorumlar\u0131n\u0131, geleneklerini ve anlat\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermi\u015ftir. Buna, ge\u00e7mi\u015f milletlerin haberleriyle ilgili olan ve \u00e7o\u011funu Kitap Ehli’nden, Yahudilerden ve Hristiyanlardan ve aralar\u0131ndan \u0130slam’a ge\u00e7enlerden, \u00f6rne\u011fin Abdullah bin Salam, Kaab al-Ahbar ve Wahb bin Munabbih’ten ald\u0131klar\u0131 ilk bilgi ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015flerdir (Arap Edebiyat\u0131 Tarihi, Al-Rafi’i, Cilt 1, s. 380).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ancak, Muaviye d\u00f6neminde hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasi bir araca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Muaviye’nin hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 benimsemesi, onlar\u0131 siyasi olarak kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00d6mer d\u00f6neminin sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren camilerde yayg\u0131nla\u015fan hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 camilerden kovan \u0130mam Ali’ye (Allah ondan raz\u0131 olsun) bir tepkiydi. Tamim el-Dari, Medine camisinde ayakta durarak hikaye anlatmak i\u00e7in \u0130mam Ali’den izin istemi\u015f ve \u0130mam Ali ona izin vermi\u015fti (Siyar A’jam el-Nubala’, cilt 2, s. 447). Tamim el-Dari, \u00d6mer \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce cuma g\u00fcnleri insanlara hikaye anlat\u0131rd\u0131, sonra Osman’dan izin istedi ve Osman da ona iki g\u00fcn boyunca cuma g\u00fcnleri insanlara hikaye anlatmas\u0131na izin verdi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ahmed Amin \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: \u201cHikayeler, kitlelerin e\u011filimlerine uygun olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131 ve hikayelerin \u00e7o\u011fu yalandan ibaretti; \u00f6yle ki, M\u00fcminlerin Emiri \u0130mam Ali’nin (Allah ondan raz\u0131 olsun) onlar\u0131 mescitlerden kovdu\u011fu, ancak hakikati arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Hasan el-Basri’ye istisna yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edildi.\u201d (Fajr Al-Islam, s. 159).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0130bn Hacer el-Askalani’nin belirtti\u011fi gibi, Muaviye, Ka’b el-Ahbar’dan faydalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; zira Muaviye ona Suriye’de hikayeler anlatmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015f ve Suriye’nin ve halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair hadisleri yayan da o olmu\u015ftur (El-\u0130sabe, Cilt 2, s. 316).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Mesele, ikinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131yla geli\u015fti ve onlar\u0131n amac\u0131 garip hikayeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak ve anekdotlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmakt\u0131. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ilim ve hadis sahibi ki\u015filer iken, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ad\u0131 s\u0131radan ve baya\u011f\u0131 bir unvan haline geldi. Vaaz vermede \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck edenlerin \u00e7o\u011fu hadis ve geni\u015f bilgi sahibi ki\u015filerdi ve onlardan bahsetmeye gerek yok. Sufiler, rivayetlere \u00f6zel bilgiyle sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ettikleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u015fey eklemediler ve Allah gizli olan\u0131 en iyi bilir. (El-Rafi\u00ee, Cilt 1, s. 382)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Abbasiler, Emevilerin \u00f6rne\u011fini takip ederek hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ra\u015fid, 200 Hicri y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat eden Ebu Hudeyfe olarak bilinen \u0130shak’\u0131 getirdi. \u0130shak, yalan s\u00f6ylemesi ve uydurma hikayeleriyle tan\u0131n\u0131yordu. Ra\u015fid, ona \u0130bn Ra\u011faban Camii’nde oturup insanlara hikaye anlatmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. \u0130shak, yalan s\u00f6ylemeye ve \u00e7o\u011fu kendisinden \u00f6nce \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olan g\u00fcvenilir bir grup insandan hikayeler anlatmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 (Tarikh Baghdad, Cilt 6, s. 346).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Bu yolla, \u00f6zellikle peygamberlerin biyografileri ve hikayeleri, mucizeler ve erdemler gibi bir\u00e7ok konu kitaplara girdi; b\u00f6ylece kitaplar mitlerle doldu ve bunlar nesilden nesile aktar\u0131larak bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi i\u00e7in kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ger\u00e7ekler haline geldi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Alt\u0131nc\u0131 sebep:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Do\u011fru Yolda Giden Halifeler d\u00f6neminden sonra, ideolojik bir temele ihtiya\u00e7 duyan siyasi y\u00f6nelimli \u0130slami mezhepler ve ideolojiler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u015eiiler ve Hariciler buna \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilebilir. Ayr\u0131ca, referans \u00e7er\u00e7evesi \u0130slam’\u0131n felsefi bir anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 olan Kaderiyye, Cahmiyye ve Murciyye gibi felsefi ve entelekt\u00fcel ak\u0131mlar da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Bu durum, ideolojilerini \u00e7er\u00e7evelemek ve arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in, ama\u00e7lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik dini destek ve gerek\u00e7eyi Peygamber geleneklerinde (hadis) bulmalar\u0131n\u0131 gerektirdi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Abbasi d\u00f6neminin ba\u015f\u0131nda, a\u00e7\u0131k, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve ele\u015ftirel bir entelekt\u00fcel gelene\u011fe sahip olan Mu’tezile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Peygamberin Sahabelerinin ele almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konular\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdiler. Baz\u0131 hukuk\u00e7ular bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri sapk\u0131nl\u0131k olarak yorumlad\u0131lar. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Peygamberin hayat\u0131n\u0131 mutlak do\u011frunun alan\u0131na yerle\u015ftiren, ancak onun Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131 gibi belirli gelenekler alt\u0131nda bir ba\u011flamda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul eden S\u00fcnni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ekol\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Onlar, ilahi mutlak do\u011frunun Kur’an oldu\u011funu, S\u00fcnnetin ise insan yorumunu temsil etti\u011fini savundular. Mu’tezile ile amans\u0131z bir m\u00fccadele verdiler ve sonunda zafer kazand\u0131lar. S\u00fcnni ekol\u00fcn zaferi, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Hukuk\u00e7ular, S\u00fcnni \u0130slam bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda liderliklerini halka teslim ettiler. Hukuk, iktidardaki g\u00fc\u00e7le i\u015fbirli\u011fine girdi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar da \u00f6yle kald\u0131. Hadis ilmi bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fcklemek i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. S\u00fcnnet, geleneksel hukuksal anlam\u0131yla, t\u00fcm \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde sallanan bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 haline geldi\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>T\u00fcm bu hareketlerin destek\u00e7i kazanmak ve devaml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in temel bir entelekt\u00fcel ve doktrinsel zemine ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu nedenle, her biri kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc desteklemek i\u00e7in hadis uydurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Daha sonra, arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 Kur’an’a dayand\u0131rmak yerine, kendilerini destekleyen hadislerden delil ald\u0131lar veya kendileri i\u00e7in hadis uydurdular. Bu t\u00fcrden binlerce hadis uyduruldu ve tahrif edildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Bu, s\u00f6z konusu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda bir taraf\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in me\u015fru bir k\u0131l\u0131f aray\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir tahrifat ve manip\u00fclasyondan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi; ama\u00e7, bu k\u0131l\u0131f hikmetli vahye ayk\u0131r\u0131 olsa bile, iktidara gelmek veya iktidarda kalmakt\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Uydurmac\u0131lar\u0131n, yalanc\u0131lar\u0131n, sahtekarlar\u0131n ve hata yapanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, uydurma hadis sorunu yayg\u0131n ve her yere yay\u0131lan bir hal ald\u0131. Uydurma hadisler t\u00fcm bilgi alanlar\u0131na yay\u0131ld\u0131. (Bunlar, hikaye anlat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve vaizlerin dilindeki vaazlarda ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla genel halk\u0131n dilinde yay\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca f\u0131k\u0131h, akide, tefsir, tarih, biyografi, askeri seferler ve vaaz kitaplar\u0131nda da yay\u0131ld\u0131.)\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Yedinci sebep:<\/strong><\/span>
      <\/strong><\/p>\n

      Abdullah ibn Abbas gibi \u00e7ocuklardan hadisler ald\u0131; Buhari ondan \u015f\u00f6yle dedi\u011fini rivayet etmi\u015ftir: “Allah’\u0131n Resul\u00fc ben on ya\u015f\u0131ndayken ve s\u00fcnnetliyken vefat etti.” El-Manar’\u0131n yazar\u0131, Musnad Ahmed’de 1696 hadis bulundu\u011funu rivayet eder. Ayr\u0131ca, Resulullah (s.a.v.) vefat etti\u011finde on ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan Enes ibn Malik, Abdullah ibn el-Z\u00fcbeyr, Hasan ibn Ali, el-H\u00fcseyn ibn Ali ve di\u011ferleri gibi \u00e7ocuklardan da hadisler ald\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Abdullah ibn Abbas, Peygamberi tan\u0131m\u0131yordu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc babas\u0131yla birlikte Mekke’de ya\u015f\u0131yordu ve babas\u0131 Medine’ye hicret edenlerle birlikte hicret etmemi\u015fti. Fetih sonras\u0131nda bile Peygamber Medine’ye d\u00f6nd\u00fc, o zamanlar sekiz ya\u015f\u0131nda olan \u0130bn Abbas ise babas\u0131yla birlikte Mekke’de kald\u0131. \u00d6yleyse, Buhari’nin rivayet etti\u011fi gibi, nas\u0131l \u015f\u00f6yle diyebilirdi: “Allah’a yemin ederim ki, O’ndan ba\u015fka ilah yoktur. Allah’\u0131n Kitab\u0131’nda indirilen her sureyi biliyorum ve her ayetini de biliyorum.”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Sekizinci sebep<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir grup ise, dindarl\u0131k ve z\u00fchd taklidi yapan ancak asl\u0131nda cahil olan ki\u015filerdi; bunlar, iyi amelleri te\u015fvik etmek ve cehennem ate\u015finden sak\u0131nmak i\u00e7in hadis uydurdular. Ho\u015flar\u0131na giden bir ifade bulduklar\u0131nda, bunun dine fayda sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131na, insanlar\u0131 dine daha \u00e7ok yakla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131na ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirece\u011fine inanarak, onu Peygambere isnat ettiler. \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki bu, en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en sinsi yalan bi\u00e7imiydi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc eylemleri daha gizliydi, zira yanl\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphesi duyulmuyordu. \u0130bn el-Salah \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir: “Bunlar\u0131n en zararl\u0131s\u0131 z\u00fchdc\u00fclerdir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc insanlar onlara g\u00fcvenir ve onlarda iyilik g\u00f6r\u00fcrler ve kabul edilirler.” El-Haf\u0131z \u0130bn Hacer \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir: “Kendilerini f\u0131k\u0131h \u00e2limi olarak tan\u0131tan ve k\u0131yas yoluyla Peygambere isnat etmeye izin verenler de bu z\u00fchdc\u00fcler kategorisine dahildir.” \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kategorideki uydurmac\u0131lar, kendi anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re, ibadet amac\u0131yla ve Allah’a daha yak\u0131nla\u015fmak i\u00e7in hadis uydururlar. Baz\u0131 Sufiler, insanlar\u0131 itaate y\u00f6nlendirmek ve itaatsizlikten cayd\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla, te\u015fvik ve uyar\u0131 i\u00e7in hadis uydurmaya bile izin vermi\u015flerdir.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Dokuzuncu sebep: sapk\u0131nlar\u0131n hareketi mi?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      “Sap\u0131k” terimi her \u015f\u00fcpheciye, sapk\u0131n ki\u015fiye veya ateiste uygulan\u0131r, ancak sap\u0131klar genellikle \u015eeriat\u0131 bozmay\u0131, halk\u0131n kalbine \u015f\u00fcphe a\u015f\u0131lamay\u0131 ve dine m\u00fcdahale etmeyi ama\u00e7layanlard\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Bunlar\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fclerinden biri de, Hammad bin Seleme’nin kitaplar\u0131na hadisler ekleyen Abd\u00fcl Kerim bin Ebu el-Evce’ idi. \u0130bn Ebu el-Evce’ yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Muhammed bin S\u00fcleyman bin Ali’ye getirildi ve o da boynuna vurulmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011finden emin olunca \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: “Allah’a yemin ederim ki, aran\u0131za d\u00f6rt bin hadis ekledim; bunlarda helali haram, haram olan\u0131 helal k\u0131ld\u0131m. Oru\u00e7 g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fczde orucunuzu bozdunuz, orucunuzu bozdu\u011funuz g\u00fcn oru\u00e7 tuttunuz.”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Abdul Karim bin Abi Al-Awja, Al-Hasan Al-Basri’nin \u00f6\u011frencilerinden biriydi, sonra yoldan sapt\u0131. Hac\u0131larla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek ve onlar\u0131 yan\u0131ltmak i\u00e7in Mekke’ye giderdi. \u0130mam Al-Sadiq onunla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve yalanlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rd\u0131. Basra’da gen\u00e7leri yoldan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken, Amr bin Ubaid onu tehdit etti, bunun \u00fczerine Kufa’ya gitti ve Kufa valisi Muhammed bin Sulaiman onu ihbar ederek \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0130bn el-Cevzi, kendi rivayet zinciriyle el-Hakam ibn M\u00fcbarek’ten \u015f\u00f6yle nakletmi\u015ftir: Hammad ibn Zeyd’in \u015f\u00f6yle dedi\u011fini i\u015fittim: Sap\u0131klar, Allah Resul\u00fc’nden (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam) on d\u00f6rt bin hadis uydurdular.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u015e\u00f6yle dedi: Bu sapk\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda, ak\u0131ls\u0131z bir \u015feyhten bir kitap al\u0131p, onun hadislerinden olmayan \u015feyleri kitaba ekleyen ve o \u015feyhin de bunu kendi hadisiymi\u015f gibi rivayet edenler vard\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Sap\u0131klar aras\u0131nda, biyografi ve tarih kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 tahrif etmede uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Sayf ibn Umar da vard\u0131. Yahya ibn Ma\u2019in onun hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir: \u201cHadis konusunda zay\u0131ft\u0131r ve ondan daha iyisi yoktur.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0130bn Hibban onun hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir: “G\u00fcvenilir ravilerden uydurma hadisler rivayet eder.” \u0130branice’de “Hadis uydurmak” su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. “Hadis\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>uydururdu” denildi. Bununla birlikte, Taberi tarih kitab\u0131nda ondan bir\u00e7ok hadis rivayet etmi\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok biyografi yazar\u0131 ve tarih\u00e7i, uydurmalar\u0131 ve icad\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere, onun rivayetlerini Taberi’den alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Hadisleri kitaplara ekleyenler aras\u0131nda, El-Baqir’in (Allah ondan raz\u0131 olsun) sahabelerinin kitaplar\u0131na kendisinin rivayet etmedi\u011fi hadisleri ekleyen El-Mu\u011fira bin Said gibi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 sapk\u0131nlar ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde El-Sadiq’in (Allah ondan raz\u0131 olsun) sahabelerinin kitaplar\u0131na hadis ekleyen Ebu El-Hattab’\u0131n sahabeleri de vard\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Uydurma hadisler hakk\u0131nda, say\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fczlerceyi bulan bir\u00e7ok kitap yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uydurma hadisler hakk\u0131nda da bir\u00e7ok kitap yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bunlar aras\u0131nda \u0130bn el-Cevzi’nin “El-Mevduat”, el-Sagani’nin “El-Durr el-M\u00fcltakat fi Tebyin el-Galat” ve el-\u015eavani’nin bin d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz d\u00f6rt hadisi zikretti\u011fi “El-Fevaid el-Majmu’ah fi el-Ahadith el-Mevdu’ah” adl\u0131 eserleri ve di\u011fer kitaplar yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Alim el-Amini, Mizan el-\u0130’tidal, Lisan el-Mizan, el-Cerh ve el-Ta’dil, Tarikh el-\u015eam, Mecm\u00e2’ el-Zevaid, el-La’ali’ el-Masnu’ah, Tadhkirat el-Mevduat, Tarikh Ba\u011fdat, el-Muntazam (\u0130bn el-Cevzi), Tahdhib el-Tahdhib, \u015eadharat el-Dhahab ve di\u011ferleri gibi halk aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olan hadis rivayet\u00e7ilerinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca biyografik s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerini inceleyerek yakla\u015f\u0131k yedi y\u00fcz uydurmac\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 ve durumlar\u0131n\u0131 zikretmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra, hadis rivayetleri konusunda \u00f6nde gelen alimlerin bunlardan k\u0131rk biri hakk\u0131nda bildirdiklerini derleyerek 408.684 rivayete ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, Laheq ibn al-Husayn al-Maqdisi gibi y\u00fczlerce kopya ve kitap uyduran di\u011ferlerinin biyografilerinde bahsedilenlere ek olarak, al-Idrisi’nin onun hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle dedi\u011fi bir durumdur: “O, g\u00fcvenilir ravilere hadis isnat eden, mursal hadisleri isnad eden ve hi\u00e7 duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filerden rivayet eden yalanc\u0131 bir uydurmac\u0131yd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, hadis ravileri aras\u0131nda isimleri bilinmeyen ki\u015filer i\u00e7in de kopyalar uydurdu; \u00f6rne\u011fin Tarthmal, Tarbal, Karkadan ve Sha’bub.” Ve bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenecek bir \u015fey de\u011fil ve biz, az bilgiyle yap\u0131lan bu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yalan ve edepsizlik \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ne biliyoruz ne de g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bana kendi el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla elliden fazla hadis b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yazd\u0131. (Ba\u011fdat Tarihi, Cilt 2, s. 244)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Bunlar aras\u0131nda Muhammed bin Yusuf bin Yakub el-Razi de vard\u0131: Hadisler, rivayetler ve kopyalar uyduran, hilek\u00e2r ve yalanc\u0131 bir \u015feyh. Kur’an’da bir\u00e7ok \u015feyi uydurdu. El-Daraqutni \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: Yakla\u015f\u0131k altm\u0131\u015f rivayet kopyas\u0131 uydurdu, bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri asli de\u011fil ve do\u011frulu\u011fu teyit edilemeyen hadisler uydurdu. 300 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Ba\u011fdat’a geldi (Tarikh Baghdad, Cilt 3, s. 397).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


      <\/strong>Bunlar, hadislerin uydurulmas\u0131na ve tahrif edilmesine yol a\u00e7an ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebeplerdir.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Abdul Rahman Shat<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      K\u00f6ln \/ Almanya<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      15\/09\/1998<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Bunu 1998’de K\u00f6ln’de yazd\u0131m ve 2021’de Hannover’de g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdim.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.\u00a0\u0646\u0644\u062e\u0635\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644:\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u00a0\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a\u00a0\u0628\u062d\u062f\u0651\u00a0\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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      \u0648\u0642\u0633\u0645\u00a0\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0644\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u064a\u0631\u064e\u00a0\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u00a0 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627\u00a0\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649.\u00a0\u0648\u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u00a0\u0628\u0639\u062f\u00a0\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0647\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0628\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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      \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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        \n
      1. \u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u064f\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f:\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u00a0\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647(\u0635)<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f<\/strong> \u0648\u0643\u0641\u064a<\/strong> \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0651\u0647<\/strong> \u0643\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646:\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/strong> \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0647\u00bb.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      2. \u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633:\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0646\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0(\u0635)\u00a0\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u00a0\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c\u00a0\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      3. \u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0631\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628:\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0623\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0647\u00a0\u0633\u0645\u0639\u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0631\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647\u00a0\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u00ab\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u00a0\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      4. \u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0631\u064a:\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u00a0\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u0643\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0644\u0627<\/strong> \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0628\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u00a0\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/strong> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      5. \u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u00a0\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647:\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0629\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0630\u064a\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646: \u0628\u0633\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb<\/strong><\/li>\n
      6. \u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629:\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0623\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u00a0\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u00ab\u0625\u0630\u0627\u00a0\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a:\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      7. \u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a:\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648\u00a0\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u00a0\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u00a0\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c<\/strong> \u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        8.\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0631:\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0623\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0631\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0647\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u00ab\u0628\u0633\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c<\/strong> \u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f<\/strong> \u0623\u0646<\/strong> \u0644\u0627<\/strong> \u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647.\u00a0\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627\u00a0\u0642\u0636\u0649\u00a0\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0644:\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/strong> \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0631\u00bb.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u00a0\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0628:\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb.<\/strong><\/li>\n
        2. \u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0622\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a:\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062e\u0633\u064a\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0637\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u00a0\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a (\u0635)\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0641\u00a0\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u062f\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0627\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0647\u0630\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: \u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u00bb\u060c\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0628\u0646\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u00a0\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u00ab\u0648\u0643\u0646\u0627\u00a0\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0628\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u0648\u00a0\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644:\u00a0\u0625\u0630\u0627\u00a0\u062c\u0627\u0632\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u0647\u0648\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u00a0\u062a\u0635\u062d\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627\u00a0\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u00a0\u0623\u0642\u0644\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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          \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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          \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u064a\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0643\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635. \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628. <\/strong>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0635. \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0635. (\u0639\u0646\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u00a0\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0635\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0644: (\u0644\u064e\u062a\u064e\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0628\u0650\u0639\u064f\u0646\u0651\u064e\u00a0\u0633\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0646\u064e\u00a0\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u00a0\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0645 \u0634\u0650\u0628\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627\u00a0\u0628\u0634\u0628\u0652\u0631\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627\u00a0\u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0633\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u064f\u062d\u0652\u0631 \u0636\u064e\u0628\u0651\u064d \u0644\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0647\u064f)\u061b \u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627:\u00a0\u064a\u0627\u00a0\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u061b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064f\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064f\u00a0\u0635\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u00a0\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645: (\u0641\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646\u061f!)\u061b \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649: <\/strong>
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          \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0630\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 200 \u0647\u0640\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u00a0(\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c6 \u0635346).<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0635\u200f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0640\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062c. \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0640\u0626\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a. \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u00a0\u0641\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u00a0\u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a \u0648\u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u062d\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0647. <\/strong>\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0627\u00a0 \u0627\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c\u00a0 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0648\u0636\u0650\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0645\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645. (\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0638\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0638)<\/strong>
          <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f 1696 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 (\u0635)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a.. \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0645.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a \u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0638\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u062b\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d: \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0640\u0640\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631: \u0648\u064a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0640\u0641\u0640\u0642\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a. \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064e\u0636\u0651\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0647\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0638\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639: \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0627\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u062f\u00a0\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u200f\u00a0\u00a0.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0645 : \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f- \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629- \u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0642\u0647 \u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0642\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 : \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0637\u0651\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u0643\u0645\u200f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0647\u200f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0647 (\u0635) \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0633\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0638\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u200f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 : \u00ab\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u00bb .<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0646: \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c<\/strong> \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u200f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0629\u060c \u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0633\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 (\u0631\u0639) \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 (\u0631\u0639) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0650\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u200f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0637\u00bb \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b\u200f\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631: \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 (\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0647\u0628 . . . \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0651\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 408.684 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629.\u00a0 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0637\u0631\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0643\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0647 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647. .(\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c2 \u0635244).<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a: \u0634\u064a\u062e \u062f\u062c\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0651\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0633\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0646\u064a: \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629\u00a0(\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c3 \u0635397).<\/strong><\/p>\n


          <\/strong>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0637<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 (\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646)\u00a0\/\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n

          15\/09\/1998<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a 1998 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n

          <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Hadis say\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00e7oklu\u011fun nedenleri Sahabelerin ve haleflerinin tarihini inceledi\u011fimizde, hadislerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Dokuz ana nedeni \u00f6zetleyece\u011fiz. Birinci sebep: Hadisin kastedilerek rivayet edilmesi, bu da kendi i\u00e7inde insanlar\u0131n iki gruba ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ihtilaf\u0131 temsil ediyordu: Bu grup, Peygamberimiz (sallallahu aleyhi ve sallam)’in hadislerde s\u00f6yledi\u011fi s\u00f6zleri, hi\u00e7bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik, ekleme veya yokluk yapmadan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-77","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-turkce"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=77"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":116,"href":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77\/revisions\/116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=77"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=77"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abdurrahmansat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=77"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}